ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt's macular dystrophy, and age-related macular degeneration are characterized by irreversible loss of vision due to direct or indirect photoreceptor damage. No effective treatments exist, but stem cell studies have shown promising results. Our aim with this review was to describe the types of stem cells that are under study, their effects, and the main clinical trials involving them.
RESUMO As doenças degenerativas da retina, como retinose pigmentar, distrofia macular de Stargardt e degeneração macular relaciona à idade, são caracterizadas por perda irre versível da visão devido a danos diretos ou indiretos aos fotorreceptores. Não existem tratamentos eficazes, porém os estudos com células-tronco mostraram resultados promissores. Nosso objetivo com esta revisão foi descrever os tipos de células-tronco em estudo, seus efeitos e os principais ensaios clínicos que as envolvem.
Subject(s)
Humans , Retinal Degeneration/therapy , Pluripotent Stem Cells/transplantation , Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Retina/cytology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The prevalence of renal disease continues to increase worldwide. When normal kidney is injured, the damaged renal tissue undergoes pathological and physiological events that lead to acute and chronic kidney diseases, which frequently progress to end stage renal failure. Current treatment of these renal pathologies includes dialysis, which is incapable of restoring full renal function. To address this issue, cell-based therapy has become a potential therapeutic option to treat renal pathologies. Recent development in cell therapy has demonstrated promising therapeutic outcomes, in terms of restoration of renal structure and function impaired by renal disease. This review focuses on the cell therapy approaches for the treatment of kidney diseases, including various cell sources used, as well recent advances made in preclinical and clinical studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods , Fetal Stem Cells/transplantation , Kidney/cytology , Kidney Diseases/therapy , Pluripotent Stem Cells/transplantation , Stem Cell Transplantation/methodsABSTRACT
Transgenic technology has become an essential tool for the development of animal biotechnologies, and animal cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) enabled the generation of genetically modified animals utilizing previously modified and selected cell lineages as nuclei donors, assuring therefore the generation of homogeneous herds expressing the desired modification. The present study aimed to discuss the use of SCNT as an important methodology for the production of transgenic herds, and also some recent insights on genetic modification of nuclei donors and possible effects of gene induction of pluripotency on SCNT.
Tecnologias de modificação genética têm se tornado ferramentas essenciais para o desenvolvimento de biotecnologias animais. A clonagem animal mediante transferência nuclear de célula somática (TNCS) possibilitou a geração de animais geneticamente modificados através da utilização de linhagens celulares previamente modificadas e selecionadas como doadoras de núcleo, garantindo desta maneira a geração de rebanhos homogênoes expressando a modificação desejada. O presente estudo objetivou discutir o uso da TNCS como importante metodologia para a produção de rebanhos transgênicos, assim como experiências recentes na manipulação genética de células doadoras de núcleo e possíveis efeitos da indução gênica à pluripotência na TNCS.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics , Biotechnology/methods , Pluripotent Stem Cells/transplantation , Cloning, Organism/veterinary , Nuclear Transfer Techniques/veterinaryABSTRACT
Las cédulas madres y hematopoyéticas son células indiferenciadas con una amplia capacidad de proliferación y de autorrenovación; están presentes en medula ósea (1%-3%) y en sangre (0,1%), identificándose por la expresión del marcador CD34. Pueden ser movilizadas desde la médula ósea a la sangre después de quimioterapia o con citoquinas, En este estudio se identificaron células madres en sangre de fetos, neonatos y adultos. Se analizaron 278 muestras de sangre de fetos de 17-32 semanas, neonatos, y en productos de aféresis de células madres de pacientes con enfermedades malignas. La cantidad de células CD34 ± disminuyó con el aumento de la edad gestacional de 6,10% a 1,03%. De estas células se obtuvo la formación de colonias granulocíticas y eritrocíticas en cultivos. En sangre de cordón se obtuvieron 0,86 ± 0,33% células CD34+. Se analizan las indicaciones y resultado de trasplantes de médula ósea y de sangre de cordón en diferentes patologías. Hasta ahora no existe indicación médica para el uso de células madres autólogas de sangre de cordón en leucemias infantiles, ni en enfermedades genéticas. En infarto del miocardio no se han obtenido resultados satisfactorios con los protocolos clínicos evaluados, mientras que en daño neurológico, el uso de células madres permanece todavía como una aproximación experimental.
Hematopoietic stem cells are undifferentiated cells with high proliferative rate and autorenovation; they are found in bone marrow (1%-3%) and blood (0.1%), being identified by the expression of the marker CD34. They may be mobilized from bone marrow (B.M.) into the blood after chemotherapy or cytokine treatment. In this study, stem cells were identified in fetal and adult blood. Two hundred and seventy eigh blood samples were analyzed; they were obtained from fetuses (17-32 weeks-old), neonates, and in the products from apheresis performed to patients with malignancies. The amount of CD34+ cells decreased as the gestational age increased (6.10% to 1.03%). These cells grew in culture to produce granulocytic and erytrocytic colonies. In cord blood CD34+ cell were identified (0,86% ± 0,33%). Indications and results of bone marrow and cord blood stem cell transplants in different pathologies are analyzed. The transplant of allogeneic cord blood stem cells in patients not having a compatible donor is the worldwide approved indication for this procedure. No satisfactory results has been obtained in cases of myocardial infarct. The treatment of neurological damage remains experimental.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/ultrastructure , Pluripotent Stem Cells/transplantation , Fetal Blood/transplantation , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Bone Marrow Transplantation/methods , Erythrocytes , Blood Component Removal/methods , GranulocytesABSTRACT
Cell therapies, based on transplantation of immature cells, are being considered as a promising tool in the treatment of neurological disorders. Many efforts are being concentrated on the development of safe and effective stem cell lines. Nevertheless, the neurogenic potential of some cell lines, i.e., the ability to generate mature neurons either in vitro or in vivo, is largely unknown. Recent evidence indicate that this potential might be distinct among different cell lines, therefore limiting their broad use as replacement cells in the central nervous system. Here, we have reviewed the latest advancements regarding the electrophysiological maturation of stem cells, focusing our attention on fetal-derived-, embryonic-, and induced pluripotent stem cells. In summary, a large body of evidence supports the biological safety, high neurogenic potential, and in some diseases probable clinical efficiency related to fetal-derived cells. By contrast, reliable data regarding embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are still missing.
Terapias celulares, baseadas no transplante de células imaturas, têm sido consideradas ferramentas promissoras no tratamento de doenças neurológicas. Muitos esforços têm sido concentrados no desenvolvimento de linhas de células-tronco seguras e eficazes. No entanto, o potencial neurogênico de algumas linhagens celulares, ou seja, a habilidade de gerar neurônios maduros, in vitro ou in vivo, ainda é altamente desconhecida. Dados recentes sugerem que esse potencial é distinto entre diversos tipos celulares, o que limitaria o largo emprego como células restauradoras no sistema nervoso central. Neste relato, revisaram-se os avanços recentes relacionados à maturação eletrofisiológica de células-tronco, com foco em células derivadas de tecido fetal, células embrionárias e células pluripotentes induzidas. Em resumo, há evidências que apontam para segurança biológica de células fetais, com alto potencial neurogênico e, em se tratando de algumas doenças, provável eficiência clínica. Ao contrário, ainda não há dados confiáveis acerca de células embrionárias e pluripotentes induzidas.